The dynamics of water use indices in the Russian Federation and in the Vologda Region has been evaluated in the article. The dimensionless water use efficiency indices have been suggested. Small applicability of the best available technologies, high energy intensity of waste and natural water clarification, inappropriate disposal of wastewater sludge, high water tariffs in the countryside can be considered as the main problems of water use in the Vologda region. Using wastewater sludge as fertilizer is the most rational method of its disposal.