Justification of the shelf life of yogurt based on skimmed milk concentrate
The present article describes the possibility of using skimmed milk concentrate with a mass fraction of 15% solids obtained by ultrafiltration for the production of yogurt with Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) syrup. The authors have carried out the complex study of the organoleptic, physical and chemical and microbiological parameters of the product as well as moisture-holding capacity of the clots during storage. The study has shown that at the end of the shelf life of yogurt, the number of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria is 1.1 * 108 CFU/g, yeast and mold fungi - not more than 10 CFU/g. According to the totality of the data obtained, the estimated shelf life of yogurt with Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) syrup is proved to be equal to 7 days long under regulated storage conditions.
Development of a concentrated sweet milk product with a combined protein and carbohydrate composition
The work presents formulation and technology of a concentrated dairy product with a partial replacement of skimmed milk powder with whey protein concentrate and a partial replacement of sucrose with American artichoke syrup. The authors have studied physical and chemical as well as organoleptic quality indicators of the product. As a result, it has been found that whey protein concentrate and American artichoke syrup can be recommended in the production process of concentrated sweet dairy products.
Growth and ontogenetic allometry of visceral organs in cross Loman Brown chicken embryos at different embryogenesis stages under a standard temperature-humidity incubation regime
The article presents the study results of growth and ontogenetic allometry of visceral organs in cross Loman Brown chicken embryos at different embryogenesis stages under a standard temperature-humidity incubation regime. The research has been carried out in the scientific laboratory of the Velikie Luki State Agricultural Academy in 2019-2020. The material for the research is Loman Brown embryos (n=200). Morphometric assessment of the embryos’ body weight and visceral organs of the heart, muscular stomach and liver has been made since the 9th day up to the 20th day and the assessment of spleen - since the 13th day up to the 20th day. The specific growth rate of the visceral organ weight in chicken embryos has been determined according to the formula of I. Schmalhausen and S. Brody, and allometric growth - by the method of M. Mina and G. Klevezal using the formula of simple allometry. It is revealed that at different embryogenesis stages there are critical phases of the rise in the specific growth rate of the visceral organs in Lohmann Brown chicken embryos: heart – during the early-fetal stage – on the 10th, 11th and 12th day, during the mid-fetal stage - on the 14th day and during the late-fetal stage - on the 18th day; muscular stomach - during the early-fetal stage – on the 12th, during the mid-fetal stage - on the 13th, 16th and 17th day, during the early-fetal stage – on the 18 th 19 th day; liver – during the early-fetal stage – on the 10th, 11th day, during the mid-fetal stage – on the 15th day; spleen – during the mid-fetal stage – on the 14th day. A negative allometry of the relative growth rate of visceral organs in Loman Brown embryos has been observed during all embryogenesis stages. Allometric growth of visceral organs of chicken embryos at different stages of development is uneven, that is, there are periods of increase and decrease in their growth in relation to body weight. The heart of Loman Brown embryos grows more intensively at the early-fetal (b=0.925±0.075) and late-fetal (b=0.931±0.072) stages of development, the muscular stomach and liver - at the early-fetal stage (b=0.940±0.068 and b=0.972±0.046, respectively), the spleen – at the mid-fetal stage (b=0.772±0.126).
Meat productivity of crossbred cattle improved by Red Steppe and Black-motley breeds
The article describes the results of studying crossbred cattle. Under equal keeping conditions and moderate feeding the sons of the Red Steppe mothers and the Red Danish and Holstein fathers (groups I and III) used 7-19% less feed units and 6-15% less protein per 1 kg of weight gain than crossbred bull calves of the Red Steppe and Angler, Black-motley and Holstein breeds (groups II and IV). No regularity was found in the consumption of feed per 1 kg of weight gain between the sons of breed improvers of different categories and interbreed hybrids. There was a similar situation regarding the use of digested protein. As for the effectiveness of feed use at the age of 0-6 months, the best results were shown by the bulls of group I, 6-12 months – group IV, 12-18 months – group III. The revealed superiority in the live weight in the offsprings of individual producers, as well as in interbreed combinations (groups I, III and IV), is the result of the higher energy of their growth during the periods. The improvement of the Red Steppe and Black-motley cattle by crossing them with specialized dairy breeds does not have an adverse impact on the meat productivity and slaughter qualities of crossbred cattle in the conditions of moderate feeding.
Methods of creating highly productive meat herds
The article describes the results of a comprehensive study of the impact of using super-repair heifers from dairy cattle husbandry in combination with interbreeding on the basis of the best gene pool of meat breeds, which made it possible to form a highly productive meat herd in a short time. In this regard, there was a problem of increasing the efficiency of using the available breed resources and choosing the method of breeding cattle in a meat herd. To do this, it is necessary to use a rich gene pool and economically useful traits through interbreeding. Crossbred animals are also distinguished by high meat productivity, and the positive result of crossbreeding is achieved in this case to a greater extent due to the combination effect.
Morphobiochemical indices of blood of young geese who consumed vitamin supplement
The purpose of the work was to study the effect of Vitamin feed supplement on the hematological indicators of young geese. The research was carried out on young geese - hybrids of Shadrin and Italian white breed on the farm “Popov S.N.” in Shumikhinsky district, Kurgan region. The young birds at a daily age were divided into 3 groups. 500 heads were selected for each group. The poultry cultivation period was 60 days. Young geese of the control group were fed with compound feed PK-31 (from 1 to 3 weeks of cultivation) and PK-32 (from 4 to 9 weeks of cultivation); the poultry from the 1 experimental group was fed with compound feed, with Vitamin supplement in a dose of 0.2 ml/l of water; and the poultry from the 2 experimental group was fed with compound feed, with Vitamin supplement in a dose of 0.5 ml/l of water. It was found that the use of Vitamin supplement for geese contributed to a more intensive metabolism, and as a result, better oxygen supply of organs and tissues, compared with peers out of control group. Hematological analyses confirm the peculiarities of metabolism of geese who consumed Vitamin supplement. In the experimental groups, with an increase in the dosage of Vitamin supplement (up to 0.5 ml/l of water), the young geese showed an increase in the level of tissue respiration, which is characteristic with an increase in metabolic processes and, as a result, an increase in productivity.
Quality of feed species from eastern galega (Galega orientalis Lam.)
The experiments studied the influence of the vegetation phase of eastern galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) plants in the conditions of the North-Western region of Russia on the characteristics of the nutritional properties of the feed prepared from it. It was established that eastern galega should be harvested in the North-Western region for grass flour and pellets in the stalk phase. For the preparation of other types of feed (hay, haylage, silage) it should be harvested in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering, which will allow to get high-quality and nutritious feed for livestock.
Rating assessment of breeding bulls of the Kholmogorskaya breed in terms of reproductive indicators in foreign and domestic breeding
The article presents the results of rating assessment of breeding bulls of the Kholmogorskaya breed in terms of reproductive indicators in foreign and domestic breeding in the North-West zone of the Russian Federation. The studies were conducted on the basis of a rating developed in the Northwest Research Institute of Dairy and Grassland Economy. 765 daughters of 18 domestic breeding bulls and 14 of foreign breeding bulls were observed. The rating of breeding bulls is established on reproductive signs of daughters. The bull of domestic selection Elf 10363 exceeds the best bull of foreign selection Aiksaer107966005 on the insemination index by 0.2, and has a shorter service period. The service period of the daughters of Aiksaer107966005 is 26.1 days longer. Also, Elf 10363 showed better results than Aiksaer107966005 in the age of the first productive insemination and the age of the first calving on 0.8 months and 1 month.
Scientific and practical recommendations for obtaining innovative feed based on a three-component poly-species mixture of annual forage crops
Long-term studies (2000-2020) showed that the introduction of vetchoats grain silo mixture in the diet of dairy cows contributed to an increase in milk productivity by 6.1 %, while reducing the cost of exchange energy for the formation of 1 kg of milk by 1.7 %. The aim of the research was to obtain an innovative feed for dairy cows based on the use of a variety mixture of annual forage crops, from which grain silo mixture can be produced. To achieve the goal the following tasks were solved: field and laboratory studies were carried out to achieve the intended result; production experience was carried out on the use of grain silo from poly-species mixtures of annual forage crops in the feeding of dairy cows in the conditions of “Vozrozhdenie OAO”(Open Joint -stock Company) in the Vitebsk region. The obtained data were used for analysis, interpretation and subsequent implementation in large-scale specialized agricultural production. As a result of the conducted research new agrotechnological opportunities for obtaining higher production and economic indicators were established. The main problem factors of obtaining a highly effective feed mixture and methodological approaches to their solution were the main ideas running through the entire presented work at the same time. In general the presented research results showed the ways and possibilities of conducting intensive feed production with the implementation of a very important and complex task to provide livestock with high-quality cheap feed based on obtaining plant feed of their own production (in the conditions of an agricultural enterprise). Production studies and calculations showed that the cost of cultivation and harvesting of cereal-legume mixtures per grain silo per 1 ha of crops was 55.7 conventional units (3899.0 rubles). RUS), at a silo of dried grasses – 4587.0 rubles. RUS, the total economic effect in the form of revealing hidden on-farm production reserved is 688.0 rubles/ha.
Comparative evaluation of the influence of vaccinal stress on a number of physiological indicators, productivity and quality indicators of cows
The article presents the results of studies devoted to the influence of vaccination stress (stress related to the category of experimental stresses) on physiological indicators in terms of general clinical and biochemical blood analysis, productivity indicator and quality milk indicators of second lactation cows and first-calf cows. It has been found that in contrast to second lactation cows first-calf cows under the influence of a stress factor exhibited a longer adaptation process, which has been expressed in a significant increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood 24 hours after the vaccination by 3.5 % to the values of the background sample, and also a decrease in the number of lymphocytes by 7.5 % against the background of a stable value of the total index of leukocytes, while an increase in the value of hematocrit observed by more than 10%. When studying the biochemical composition of blood plasma this state has been expressed by an increase in the value of glucose, and this is more pronounced on the first day after exposure to the stimulus (by 21.5 % to the background sample). 72 hours after vaccination the value of the change in the glucose index both in the group of first-calf heifers and in the group of second-lactation cows have been significantly less changed in comparison with the background indicators, in first-calf cows by 9.3 % 1.5 % in the group of cows. Regarding the effect of vaccination stress on productivity and milk quality indicators it is worth noting a decrease in milk yield in the first 2 days in both groups of animals, as well as a significant decrease in the content of fat mass in the milk of first-calf cows by 8.3 % percent.
Key Blood Enzymes as a Sign of Dairy Cattle Selective Breeding
The effectiveness of interior-complementary selection of cows by the level of serum enzymes has been revealed. In contrast to traditional selection, the more criteria are taken into account during selection, the more effective it is. When selecting first-calf heifers for one of the enzymes, the difference in milk yield is up to 446 kg of milk, with the total selection for the concentration of serum enzymes, it consistently increases to 656, 1059 and 1228 kg of milk. The same pattern is also characteristic when comparing hereditarily similar animals. In heifers at an early age, the level of the enzyme AST in the blood serum can be successfully predicted productivity in the adult state. The terms of use of productive animals directly depend on the level of transaminase concentration in young animals aged 9‒12 months. A new classification of performance types has been formulated, as well as an analysis of the nature of inheritance of milk productivity in the interior-complementary selection of animals has been given
The comparative characteristic of the milk quality indicators at the breeding farms of the Totemskiy district in the Vologda region (taking into account the seasonality)
The article presents the results of studies devoted to the milk quality indicators: mass fat fraction, mass protein fraction, mass fraction of solids non fat, somatic cells in modern breeding farms of the Totem district in the Vologda region. In 2019 the quality milk indicators were determined from cows in the “Rodina” SPK (collective farm), the “Totemskiy” SPK and the “Velikodvorye”collective farm. Based on the data obtained the research was formed, the comparative characteristic of the milk quality indicators was carried out taking into account the season of the year. 19503 samples were examined for the analyzed time period. Milk sampling was carried out in accordance with the monthly control cow milking schedule and tested on a Combi-Foss infrared spectrometer. The device from FOSS (Denmark), which was used to analyze the quality of milk is the world leader in the production of analytical instruments. The main advantages of this milk analyzer were high measurement accuracy and obtaining several indicators at the same time. According to the results of the study for 2019 all analyzed breeding farms of the Totemskiy district in the Vologda region revealed high quality milk indicators that meet the requirements of GOST. The highest indicators of milk quality were noted in autumn. The content of somatic cells corresponded to the Russian standard GOST R 52054-2003 “Natural cow’s milk - raw material. Technical conditions “. According to the results of the study for 2019 all studied breeds revealed high quality milk indicators that meet the requirements of GOST throughout the year.
Characteristics of Superior Breeding Material on the Basis of the Promising Breeding Families Study
Families represent the highest form of breeding work in dairy cattle breeding, which requires a deep study of breeding records of animals up to 10 generations or more, taking into account the genealogical affiliation. Therefore, the article has theoretical and practical significance in breeding programme. As a result of the long breeding work of specialists of OOO (LLC) “Zazerkal`e” of Gryazovets District in the Vologda Region, a highly productive herd of black-and-white breed has been created. The article presents the superior breeding material of the herd on the basis of eighteen promising breeding families, established as a result of the analysis of genealogies of high-yielding record-holder cows. Outstanding families that persistently transmit their hereditary qualities to offspring have been identified: the Aprelka`s 681, the Medichka`s 1084, the Charlotka`s 1184, the Oda`s 1091, which represent breeding material for producing high-value heifers and bulls of domestic selection.
